我在多塞特郡，想在英国乡村里感受一下埃及的风情 I'm in Dorset, seeking a little bit of Egypt in the English countryside.
这似乎不太可能 It seems unlikely,
但我就是在这里第一次领略了古埃及神奇而奇异的世界 but this is where I had my first taste of the magical and exotic world of ancient Egypt.
我记得孩提时期和我的家人第一次来到金斯敦莱西 I remember first coming here to Kingston Lacy with my family when I was a child,
和成千上万的人一样，我被我的发现所吸引 and I was fascinated like millions of others by what I found.
这座粉红色的花岗岩方尖碑已有2000多年的历史 This pink granite obelisk is well over 2,000 years old,
由于英国潮湿的气候，今天它布满了地衣和苔藓 and today it's spotted with lichen and moss as a result of the damp English climate,
但它曾经矗立于埃及南部菲莱岛上的伊希斯神庙里 but it once stood in front of the sunbaked temple of Isis on the island of Philae in southern Egypt,
在1815年 where in 1815
它引起了金斯顿莱西的主人威廉·班克斯的注意 it caught the eye of the owner of Kingston Lacy William Banks.
他是一位旅行家 He was a traveler,
也是业余的考古学家、审美家和鉴赏家 he was an amateur archaeologist, an aesthete, and a connoisseur,
他花了数年的时间 and he spent years
将方尖碑从埃及搬到多塞特的草坪上 endeavoring to bring this obelisk from Egypt to his Dorset lawn.
除了方尖碑 As well as the obelisk,
班克斯还积聚了英国最大的埃及艺术品私人收藏 Banks amassed the largest private collection of Egyptian art in Britain.
班克斯收集的大部分埃及文物都陈列在这里的台球室里 Most of the Egyptian antiquities that Banks collected are on display here in the billiards room,
但我估计大部分人会认为这些物品更像是奇怪的手工制品而不是艺术品 but I suspect that most people would consider these objects more as curious artifacts than works of art,
古埃及人的确没有“艺术”这个词 and it's true that the ancient Egyptians didn't have a word for art,
但是他们也没有宗教这个词 but they didn't have a word for religion either,
他们是历史上最虔诚的民族之一 and they are among the most religious peoples in history.
这部巨著是《埃及描述》的第一卷 This enormous tome is the first volume of "The Description of Egypt,"
1809年开始出现 which began to appear in 1809,
太美了！ and it is beautiful.
书里面全是手绘插图和地图 It's filled with hand-colored illustrations and maps,
这些清晰、完美的雕刻 and these crisp, really immaculate engravings
记录了古埃及的遗迹 that record the monuments of ancient Egypt.
你很容易理解为什么威廉·班克斯如此痴迷 You can readily understand why William Banks became so besotted
当他坐在这个图书馆里，翻阅着这些书的时候 as he sat in this very library and leafed through these pages.
我想追随班克斯和他的同龄人的脚步 I want to follow in the footsteps of Banks and his contemporaries
去亲身探索古埃及 and explore ancient Egypt for myself.
在本系列里，通过三个节目 In this series, over 3 programs,
我将走遍埃及 I'll travel the length of the country
寻找30件宝藏 in search of 30 treasures
讲述埃及艺术的迷人故事 that tell the bewitching story of Egyptian art...
但最重要的是 but above all,
我不想从考古学家的角度来审视埃及的宝藏 I want to look at the treasures of Egypt not through the eyes of an archaeologist
而是从艺术爱好者的角度 but through the eyes of an art lover.
我的探险开始于撒哈拉沙漠深处 My adventure begins deep in the Sahara,
我在那里寻找最早的埃及艺术 where I'm searching for the very earliest Egyptian art,
这种不屈不挠的风格的起源 the origins of the indomitable style
定义了这个最伟大的古代文明 that would define this greatest of ancient civilizations.
所以我直接驶入西部沙漠 So I've driven right out into the Western Desert,
令人振奋的风景 which is this exhilarating landscape,
它是撒哈拉沙漠的一部分，基本上绵延不绝 and it's part of the Sahara, which basically stretches on
一直延伸到数千英里外的大西洋 unbroken to the Atlantic thousands of miles away,
这肯定是我来过的最遥远的地方看一件艺术品 and this must be easily the most remote place that I've ever come to see a work of art.
实际上，就在这里，我们做到了 In fact, right here, we've made it.
太好了 Excellent.
我的向导是艺术家和考古学家：约翰·奥卡洛尔 My guide is artist and archaeologist John O'Carroll.
这是我们的第一站，约翰 Well, this is our first site, John,
您在车上说这就是画廊 and you were saying in the car that this is known as The Gallery.
画廊，这是一块新石器时代的岩石艺术品 O'Carroll: The Gallery. It's a superb piece of Neolithic rock art.
这是四名妇女的游行队伍 It's a procession of 4 women,
其中三人怀孕 3 of them pregnant,
带领着六头长颈鹿 leading about 6 giraffe.
一件奇妙的艺术品 A wonderful piece of art.
- 它什么时候开始的？ - 它的历史… - Sooke: And when does it date from? - It dates from,
可以追溯到公元前6~7000年 I would say, 6000 to 7000 B.C..
它是一种叫做巴申迪文化的文化 It was a culture called the Bashendi culture.
那么，这能告诉我们有关产生它的社会的信息吗？ So what can this tell us about the society that produced it?
这是他们的印记，我们看到的是一扇窗户，通向这些巴桑蒂人的思想 It's their stamp, and we're looking at a window to the mind of these Bashendi people,
这真是奇妙 which is quite marvelous,
在这幅作品中，你会感受到一种美妙的动感 and in this piece, you get a wonderful sense of movement,
一种进阶的感觉 a processional way
与这些女士和长颈鹿一起 with the women, with the giraffe.
长颈鹿作为雨神是一种非常有效的图腾 The giraffe was a highly effective totem as a rain god.
它很高，接触到天空 It was tall, it was touching the sky,
因此驾驭这种动物 and so to harness that type of animal
在某种意义上就是驾驭自然 was to harness nature in a sense.
我可能会试着去看看这头长颈鹿 Sooke: I might try and scramble up to have a look at this giraffe
如果您认为我不会自杀的话 if you think I'm not going to kill myself.
让我印象深刻的第一件事 I guess the first thing that strikes me coming up here
是简单而有效的方法 is the simplicity but effectiveness
就是在岩石上使用切口来捕捉阳光 of just using incision in the rock to catch the sunlight.
这样就创建了轮廓 That creates the outline.
它的传达方式几乎是 The way it's been conveyed is in quite
几何的，抽象的，直线的方式 almost geometric, abstract, rectilinear fashion.
这些都是直线，直角 These are straight lines, right angles.
这真是个蒙德里安...是的！ O'Carroll: This is a quite a Mondrian--
蒙德里安的史前作品 a Mondrian prehistoric piece.
在其他地方也有这种点缀的效果 Sooke: And then elsewhere, this sort of dotted skittled effect
好像是在模仿长颈鹿的皮肤或兽皮 as though trying to imitate the skin or the hide of the giraffe.
兽皮 The hide.
这是个很好的设计 It's a very good device for that.
- 这是个好设计 - 非常有效，简单但有效 - It's a good device. - It's very effective, simple but effective.
揭示了早期埃及人的艺术和信仰 What's revealing is how the art and beliefs of the early Egyptians
是如何与自然世界的动物紧密联系在一起 were so entwined with animals in the natural world.
大约公元前6000年，在新石器时代 Round about 6000 B.C., back in the Neolithic period,
西部沙漠是一个完全不同的地方 the Western Desert was a completely different place.
它更加郁郁葱葱 It was much more lush and verdant.
它更像非洲大草原 It was more like a sort of African savannah,
点缀着一些驴子，还有许多犀牛 sprinkled with a few donkeys, lots of rhinoceroses,
水牛、羚羊、长颈鹿 buffalos, gazelles, giraffes,
而且有可靠的夏季降雨 and there were reliable summer rains
形成了超过7米深的湖泊 that fed lakes that were more than 7 meters deep.
然而，随着时间的推移，所有的雨水都消失了 Over time, though, all of the rains disappeared,
气候也发生了灾难性的变化 and the climate changed catastrophically.
潮湿的草地干涸了 The wet grasslands dried up.
最终，生活在这里的半游牧人 Eventually, the people who lived here, who were seminomadic cattle herders,
在这样恶劣干旱的条件下被迫离开 were forced by these tough and arid conditions to leave altogether
去寻找更肥沃的平原 and head off in search of much more fertile plains
和可持续的水源 and a sustainable source of water.
他们在东边几百英里处找到了它 They found it hundreds of miles to the east.
尼罗河 The River Nile.
“埃及是尼罗河的礼物” "Egypt is the gift of the Nile."
这就是希腊作家希罗多德所说的 That's what the Greek writer Herodotus said,
用一种非常优雅的方式来表达一个简单但本质的真理 and it was a really elegant way of expressing a simple but essential truth,
就是古埃及文明 which is that the civilization of ancient Egypt
根本不会繁荣，甚至不可能存在 simply would never have flourished or even existed
如果不是因为这片广阔的水域的话 if it wasn't for this vast, broad body of water,
埃及人称它为“Iteru” 或“河”， which the Egyptians called Iteru, or the River,
但尼罗河也有一种特殊的，相当神奇的，几乎不可思议的特质 but the Nile also had a special, quite magical, almost miraculous quality.
每年夏末 Every year in late summer,
洪水从这里的第一瀑布呼啸而下 flood waters roared down from the First Cataract here
淹没了两边的山谷 and inundated the valley on either side,
覆盖着厚厚的黑色淤泥，非常肥沃 covering the land with this thick, black silt, very fertile,
有助于农业的发展 which aided agriculture.
所以对古埃及人来说，尼罗河意味着富饶 So for the ancient Egyptians, the Nile meant fertility,
它意味着繁荣，也象征性地 it meant prosperity, but also symbolically
意味着重生，意味着生命 it meant rebirth, and it meant life,
尼罗河开始主宰… and the Nile came to dominate and...
并真正塑造了他们思考和看待周围世界的方式 really shape the way that they thought about and also saw the world around them.
所以，我的第二件宝物是庆祝尼罗河 So fittingly my second treasure is a celebration of the Nile.
这些纳卡达罐子是在河岸附近的坟墓中发现的 The Naqada pots were discovered in graves near the riverbank,
里面装着食物和饮料，供死者在来世食用 filled with food and drink to sustain the dead in the afterlife.
上面装饰着后来在埃及艺术中占主导地位的图案 They were decorated with images that would come to dominate Egyptian art.
我来看看陶罐之父挖掘出来的收藏品 I've come to see a collection excavated by the father of pots
埃及古物学家弗林德斯·皮特里爵士 Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie.
令人吃惊的是想想这些陶罐 It's quite startling to think that these pots,
其中一些已经有6000年的历史 some of them are 6,000 years old.
大部分是红色的 The majority of it is red,
代表着沙漠的贫瘠土地 representing the barren soil of the desert,
但黑色代表尼罗河 but the black stands in for the Nile,
也就是洪水退去后灌溉的肥沃土地 for the irrigated fertile earth after the flood waters have receded,
然后随着时间的推移 and then as time goes by,
从美学的角度来看艺术的发展 you see from an aesthetic point of view artistic development
随着人们的到来，改变了锅的形状 as people come in, change the forms of the pots,
添加了这些手柄，包括这些设计 add these handles, and include these designs,
其中一些，像这些螺旋，几何设计 some of them, like these spirals, geometric designs,
但偶尔你也会发现像这样装饰着动物的陶罐 but occasionally you found pots like these decorated with animals.
你可以看到火烈鸟，可以看到瞪羚 You can see flamingos, you can see gazelles,
这些三角形的形状有点像金字塔 and these triangular shapes a bit like pyramids,
就像我在沙漠里发现的那些自然形态 like those natural forms that I found in the desert,
但你在这些纳卡达陶器上发现的最大主题 but above all the biggest motif you found on these Naqada pots
是船 was the boat.
这艘船具有象征意义 The boat had symbolic importance
因为它帮助把死者从今生 because it helped take the deceased from this life
带到来世的王国 into the realm of the afterlife.
所以你在这些晚期的纳卡达陶罐中的发现 So what you find in these late Naqada pots
如果你喜欢的话，就是埃及艺术的开端 are the beginnings, if you like, of Egyptian art proper.
你会在自然界中找到乐趣 You find a delight in the natural world,
一种对原始的认识 a recognition of the primal,
河流对这种文化的核心重要性 central importance of the river for this culture
还会发现一个复杂的宗教信仰体系 and also a complex system of religious belief
其中来世将占主导地位 in which the afterlife would predominate.
约翰·奥卡罗正在画一个纳卡达风格的罐子 John O'Carroll's painting a Naqada style pot
用的是传统颜料 using traditional pigments.
这是典型的纳卡达场景 O'Carroll: You've got a typical Naqada scene here.
这是一条船，一条镰刀船 It's a boat, a sickle boat.
都是漂亮的装饰 It's all beautifully decorative.
在所有的纳卡达服饰中，这种可爱的、欢快的 And in all of the Naqada wear, this lovely, joyous
流动的线条反复出现 fluidity of line and repetition occurs again and again,
赋予了这些罐子生命 giving the pots life.
我们知道尺度在埃及艺术中很重要 Sooke: We know that scale is important in Egyptian art.
越大的人 The bigger the person...
他们就越重要 the bigger the deal they are.
很明显，女人的地位更高 So clearly the woman has more status.
也许是女神吧? Perhaps a goddess then?
通常有一个男人站在她旁边 Often there's a man depicted next to her.
这个男人总是显得尺寸小一些 The man is always shown in smaller size.
有时候，他的阴茎是勃起的 Sometimes, he does have an erect penis,
我把它放在这里，好了 which I'll put in here, so, um, there we are.
那里再做一个 Just do a little one there.
- 你觉得我可以试试吗？ - 可以啊 - Do you think I might have a go? - I think you should.
上面这些生物是什么？ What about these creatures above?
火烈鸟 Flamingo.
-还不错 -很像火烈鸟 - That's not bad. - Very flamingo-like, yes.
你觉得这些罐子在历史上的地位如何？ I mean, where do you feel that the pots stand in that history?
它们有多重要呢？ How important are they?
我认为它们很好，因为它们很欢乐 I think they're very good in that they're joyous,
自然和人类以一种流动的、和谐的方式结合在一起 bringing together nature and man in a fluid, harmonious way
在其正式形成之前 before it becomes formalized,
这对古埃及乃至整个世界的艺术都非常重要和关键 and very important and pivotal to the art of ancient Egypt and indeed the world.
多亏了尼罗河的丰富馈赠 Thanks to the abundant gifts of the Nile,
公元前3000年，一簇簇的村庄已经发展成为繁荣的王国 by 3000 B.C., clusters of villages had grown into thriving kingdoms.
每年的洪水带来了贸易和繁荣 The annual flood brought trade and prosperity.
有50万人居住在河边 Half a million people lived alongside the river.
我的第三个宝藏是在尼罗河谷发现的 My third treasure was discovered in the Nile Valley
靠近内肯的一座古老要塞 close to an ancient fort in Nekhen,
猎鹰城 the City of the Falcon.
我认为你会觉得这很奇怪 Now I think you'll find this quite surprising,
这块相当乏味的灌木丛地却出现了 but this rather uninspiring plot of scrubland yielded
艺术史上最重要的发现之一 one of the most important artistic historical discoveries ever
在1897年，几个英国的考古学家 in 1897 when a couple of British archaeologists,
奎布尔和格林先生 Messrs. Quibble and Green,
在泥土中摸索，挖掘当地寺庙的废墟 were scrabbling around in the dirt here, excavating the ruins of the local temple.
现在，在未经训练的眼睛看来，它什么也不是 Now to the untrained eye, it doesn't look like anything much. I mean, today--
这里有一个旧瓶子 I mean, there's an old bottle,
还有一只拖鞋 there's a flip flop,
回到19世纪末 and back at the end of the 19th century,
奎布尔和格林先生也没有什么太好运气 Quibble and Green weren't having much luck either.
他们发现了一堵泥砖墙，一个用石头砌成的土堆 They found a mud brick wall, an earth mound faced with stone,
什么都没有，直到他们开始挖掘这里 nothing until they started digging over here
深挖一层厚厚的黏土 and dug deep into a thick layer of clay,
在挖掘的过程中，他们开始发现像是宝藏的东西 and as they dug, they started to discover what appeared to be treasures,
东西看起来像是仪式用品 things that looked like ritual objects,
其中一个特别引起了他们的注意 and one in particular caught their eye,
而那块东西，就是在这个地方发现的 and that piece, discovered in very this spot,
事实证明 proved to be nothing less
这简直就是古埃及文明的基石 than the foundation stone of ancient Egyptian civilization.
为了看它，我向北前往首都开罗 To see it, I head north to the capital, Cairo.
我的宝物现在收藏在埃及博物馆里 My treasure now resides in the Egyptian Museum.
这是对埃及之父国王纳尔默的最好的纪念 It's a potent memorial to the father of Egypt King Narmer.
人们经常谈论艺术家打破规则手册 People often talk about artists ripping up the rule book.
这就是古埃及艺术的规则手册 Well, this is the rule book of ancient Egyptian art.
它被称为纳尔默画板，可以追溯到公元前3000年左右 It's called the Narmer Palette, and it dates from round about 3000 B.C.
一块石板被用来研磨作画 A palette was used for grinding paint,
但这是一个仪式版本 but this is a ceremonial, ritual version,
可能是为了纪念一系列的胜利 and it commemorates probably a series of victories
在埃及城邦，上埃及和下埃及 after which the state of Egypt, Upper and Lower Egypt,
统一为一个国家之后 was unified into one,
它展示了一个国王在打击他的敌人 and it shows a king smiting his foe,
但我觉得这很有趣的原因 but the reason I find this so interesting,
也是埃及古物学家对此非常兴奋的原因 the reason Egyptologists get very excited about this
在于它在一块板中包含了 is because it contains in one piece
许多不同的元素、风格和做法 a number of different elements and styles and approaches
来表达埃及艺术中必不可少的世界 to representing the world that were essential to Egyptian art
而且被一次又一次地使用，历经三千余年 and would be used time and time again for 3,000 years
直到罗马人的时代 until the days of the Romans.
画板被划分成不同区域来记录 The space has been organized into these different bands or registers.
这里有人物形象的展示 There's the presentation of the human figure,
我们认为这是典型的古埃及人 which is typically, as we think of it, ancient Egyptian.
这是一个复合视图 It's a composite view.
你可以看到正面的躯干，侧面的双腿 You see a torso front on, you see the legs to one side,
脸的侧面，还有一只眼睛正面对着你 the profile of the face, and yet a single eye facing you frontal, as well.
这里用比例来表示重要性 There's the use of scale to indicate importance,
这位国王无疑是画板上最大的人物 so the king is far and away the biggest person on the palette,
也即是说他是老大 which means that he's the boss,
你会一次又一次地看到 and there's an interest in the natural world
埃及艺术中对自然世界的兴趣 that you would see again and again in Egyptian art.
这是神，一只猎鹰，荷鲁斯 There's the god, a falcon, Horus.
在上面，是一位起保护作用的牛女神，名叫巴特 Up above, you've got a protective cow goddess called Bat,
而在画板另一边 and on the other side,
你再次看到国王 you see the king again
他的形象是一头公牛，正在攻击一个防御森严的城镇 in the form of a bull attacking a fortified town.
所有这些都成为了埃及艺术的重要组成部分 All of these things became essential components of Egyptian art.
在画板上创立的体系 The system that was created here
将持续数千年 would last for thousands of years.
它就像一块刻有埃及艺术戒律的石碑 It's like a tablet incised with the commandments of Egyptian art.
在纳尔默国王制定埃及艺术规则后的几个世纪里 In the centuries after King Narmer laid down the rules of Egyptian art,
他所统一的国家不断壮大 the country he unified went from strength to strength,
我们今天所知的古埃及开始成形 and the ancient Egypt we know today began to take shape.
也许古埃及没有任何视觉形式 Perhaps no visual form says ancient Egypt
能像金字塔那样让人印象深刻 quite as memorably and immediately as the pyramid,
而在塞加拉这里，整个的金字塔群 and here at Saqqara, there's a whole cluster of pyramids
仍然主宰着天际 that still dominate the skyline
传达着建造它们的国王们令人激动的力量 and communicate the thrilling power of the kings that built them,
其中最早的金字塔 but the earliest pyramid of all
是这一座，塞加拉的阶梯金字塔 was this one here, the step pyramid at Saqqara,
它是为了纪念德约泽的坟墓和陵园而建造的 which was built to mark the tomb and the funerary enclosure of Djoser,
第三王朝的第一位国王 the first king of the Third Dynasty,
在此过程中，他开创了金字塔时代 and in doing so, he ushered in the pyramid age
有三位皇家兄弟制作了三件 when three royal brothers produced my next three
非常独特的珍宝 very distinctive treasures.
这三件宝物预示着埃及艺术时代的到来 These three treasures herald the coming of age of Egyptian art.
第一件宝物在塞达克南部被发现 The first was discovered to the south of Saqqara
即美杜姆古遗址 at the ancient site of Meidum.
这三兄弟的父亲被认为是斯奈法鲁 The father of the three brothers is thought to be Snefaru,
古王国的第一任法老 the first pharaoh of the Old Kingdom.
斯奈法鲁完成了这座雄伟的金字塔 Snefaru completed this imposing pyramid,
但我的下一个宝藏是在他儿子附近的 but my next treasure was found in his son's more modest
一个更简陋的泥墓中发现的 mud mastaba tomb nearby.
1871年，伟大的法国考古学家奥古斯特·马里埃特 In 1871, the great French archaeologist Auguste Mariette
在这里挖掘 was excavating here,
当他的埃及考古队打开我脚下的陵墓 and when his team of Egyptian workers opened up this tomb beneath me
他们的灯笼照亮了黑暗之时 and shone their lanterns into the darkness,
他们突然发现有4只眼睛在盯着他们 they suddenly saw 4 eyes staring back at them,
于是他们惊恐地逃跑了 and they fled in terror.
因为他们刚刚与他们的古埃及祖先面对面 because they'd just come face to face with their ancient Egyptian ancestors,
他们被埋在这里，似乎已经活了4000多年 who appeared to be alive more than 4,000 years after they were buried here.
最终他们敢于挖掘出来的非凡艺术品 The extraordinary work of art they finally dared to dig out
现在在埃及博物馆里 is now in the Egyptian Museum.
嗯，他在这里，国王的儿子拉霍特普王子 Well, here he is, the king's son Prince Rahotep
留着弗雷迪小胡子 with his Freddie Mercury tash
以及他深爱的妻子诺夫赖特 alongside his beloved wife Nofret,
这个名字意味着美丽 who's name means the beautiful one,
我认为这两座雕塑体现了古王国艺术的许多特点 and I think both sculptures embody a number of attributes of Old Kingdom art.
这种艺术让人感觉简单、有自制力 This is art that feels simple, it's self-possessed,
也很稳重 and it's stable.
很适合永恒 It's fit for eternity,
这两座雕塑的复制品我都看过很多次了 and I've seen both of these sculptures many times in reproduction,
但我一直不明白它们的力量 but I've never quite understood their power
直到见到它们的本尊 until seeing them for real
因为复制品不能正确地向你展示它们的眼睛 because the reproductions don't show you properly the eyes.
因为那双眼精彩纷呈 Because the eyes are spectacular.
它们是由水晶制成 They're made of rock crystal,
当你从侧面看时 and when you see them from the side,
它们是半透明的 there's translucence to them.
它们有一种果冻般的质地 They have a jelly-like quality
闪闪发光的感觉 and a shimmering, sparkling feel.
如此逼真地再现眼睛镜片的技术 The skill in re-creating the lenses of the eyes
令人惊叹 so authentically is breathtaking.
都说眼睛是灵魂的窗户 It's said the eyes are windows to the soul,
这些眼睛使这些雕像有了生气 and these ones certainly animate these statues.
我很喜欢你的个性 I quite like the way that you have little flickers of individuation.
所以如果你看一下拉霍特普的额头 So if you have a look at the brow of Rahotep,
你就能辨认出皱纹 you can just make out the furrows.
他看起来有点焦虑 It looks like he's ever so slightly anxious.
我知道这只是对真人的投影 I know this is just projecting onto them,
但我觉得他不是这段关系中最重要的人 but I like to think that he's not really the most important person in this relationship.
他有点焦虑因为他的妻子 He's a little bit anxious because his wife,
她就像是老板 she seems like the boss.
她是掌权当家的 She's the one who wears the trousers.
我估计诺夫赖特是很难伺候的 I reckon Nofret was quite high-maintenance.
就好像拉霍特普和诺夫赖特的灵魂 It's almost as if the souls of Rahotep and Nofret
将永远活在他们的雕像中 will live forever in their statues
就像埃及人所希望的那样 just as the Egyptians intended.
源自古王国的艺术启发了埃及 Art from the Old Kingdom inspired one of Egypt's
最著名的艺术家亚当·哈宁 most celebrated artists Adam Hanin
成为雕塑家 to become a sculptor.
你认为是什么让古王国的艺术 What do you think makes the art that was produced
如此特别? in the Old Kingdom so special?
我是说，古王国非常、非常重要 I mean, the Old Kingdom is very, very important,
我认为这是最重要的时期 and I feel it's the most important period
因为在这一时期… because its in the period...
人们发现了埃及风格 when they discovered the Egyptian style.
人们通常更喜欢艺术家的第一个作品或第一年 People prefer usually artists' first work or first years
因为这是发现的年份 because this is the years of discovery.
在这之后，你学到了技巧 After this, he get the technique,
形成了风格，这是一种重复 he get the style, and there is a kind of repetition
就像在埃及艺术中发生的一样 exactly as what happened in the Egyptian art.
古埃及艺术对你自己的作品有多大影响？ How much of an influence has ancient Egyptian art been on your own work?
发现 Discovering.
发现是非常重要和强大的东西 Discovering is something very important and very strong.
从自然形态到风格化形态的变化 The changing of form from natural form to stylized,
当你看到这个的时候，这是非常伟大的 and when you see this, this is something very great,
有生气的，活生生的东西 something alive, something active,
所以对我来说，这是比其它时期更令人印象深刻的东西 so it's very, very impressive more than the other periods for me.
我的第五件宝物是一幅画 My fifth treasure is a painting,
它也是古埃及人通过艺术追求不朽的产物 and it, too, was born of the ancient Egyptians' quest for immortality via art.
这位艺术家想要创造的是一幅农业天堂的景象 The artist set out to create a vision of an agricultural paradise,
给人带来来世的安宁和富足 offering peace and plenty in the afterlife.
我的宝藏是在米德姆发现的 My treasure was discovered at Meidum
在拉霍特普兄弟奈弗玛特妻子的坟墓里 in the tomb of the wife of Rahotep's brother Nefermaat.
令人吃惊的是，这幅画是在4500年前画的 It's startling to think that this was painted 4,500 years ago
因为这是如此令人愉快的场景 because it's such a delightful scene
我觉得它很符合现代人的感受 that I think really appeals to a modern sensibility.
在某种程度上，它不像是古埃及的 In some ways, it doesn't feel that ancient Egyptian
因为你能感觉到画它的艺术家 because you sense that the artist who did it
有一定程度的自由 had a degree of freedom.
他们被允许用眼睛观察自然世界 They were licensed to really use their eyes and observe the natural world,
他们很享受这样做 and they've relished doing that.
你有一种和谐和平衡的感觉 You have a sense of harmony and balance,
三个朝那个方向 three that are facing that way,
另外三个朝相反的方向 and then another three are facing the opposite way,
但不是绝对重复的 but repetition's never absolute.
举个例子，尾羽在不同的层次上 So for instance here, the tail feathers are on different levels
以确保不会单调 to ensure that there isn't monotony.
羽毛是经过精心挑选的 The plumage has been picked out with such care and detail.
有各种各样的不同类型的标志 There are all sorts of different types of marks,
有时是斑点，有时是斜线 sometimes speckles, sometimes diagonal lines,
曲线为不同类型的羽毛 curving lines for different types of feather,
在整个过程中，你能感觉到艺术家 and the whole way through, you sense that the artist
一直在看看看 is looking, looking, looking,
这就是它作为一幅成功画作的秘诀 and that's the secret of its success as a painting,
我们很容易把它看作是现代作品 and it's tempting to just think of this almost as a modern work,
一种体裁作品，来自大自然的场景 a genre piece, a scene from nature,
当然，对古埃及人来说 but of course, for the ancient Egyptians,
这是更大的东西 this was part of something much bigger,
当你意识到背景的时候 which actually when you realize the context,
就会改变你所看到的东西的意义 transforms the meaning of what you're looking at.
这些鹅是一幅更大画作的一部分 The geese were one part of a much larger painting,
只剩下了一些碎片 which survives only in fragments.
艺术家利奥·史蒂文森正在把它们拼起来 Artist Leo Stevenson is piecing them together
重现这幅丢失的杰作 to re-create this missing masterpiece.
所以我所做的是，我有很多幸存下来的碎片的照片 So what I've done is I've got a load of photographs of the bits that survived,
这些在我的画上用黑色标出 and these are outlined in black on my drawing here.
他们是什么？它们分散在世界各地的博物馆里吗？ And they're what? They're scattered in museums around the world?
是的，四散在风中 Yeah. Scattered to the four winds.
到处都是它们的碎片 There's bits of them all over the place.
这是鹅的复制品 So here's a reproduction of the geese.
它们在这幅画的底部 They go right along the bottom of the picture.
- 是的 - 上面其它的基本上都失去了 - Yeah. - Everything else above has been lost essentially.
中间用红色表示的是我认为 The bits in-between done in red are my interpolation
缺失的部分 of what I think is missing.
这一块在这里 I mean, this piece is this.
噢，是的，这是它的手臂 Oh, yeah. So there's the arm,
你可以看到它的肤色，黑色的晒黑的皮肤 and you can see the flesh color, the dark sort of tanned skin.
诱人的小片段 Tantalizing little fragment,
这里我们看到了一只被捕获的鹅 and here we see one of the captured geese, yeah.
这是一个极好的片段 So this is a great fragment, this.
- 非常好，是的 - 有很多线索关于它发生了什么 - It is a great--yeah. - It's got a lot of clues as to what was going on,
当然，你可以用这个碎片 but of course, you can actually use this fragment
巧妙地重建它本来的样子 as quite a clever way of reconstructing what this would have looked like.
- 的确 - 因为埃及艺术经常采用这种形式的对称，对吗？ - Exactly. - Because Egyptian art often employs symmetry in that fashion, doesn't it?
没错，这就是我要在这幅画中尝试的 That's right. That's what I'm going to try and do in in this painting.
很好 Great. OK.
我能看出你已经开始画大纲了 Um, I can see that you've made a start at sort of doing the outlines.
是的，我们要做的是用一种 Yes. What they would have done here is outline
很薄的红色颜料勾勒出基本的设计 the basic design in a kind of very thin red paint.
那你准备好继续画大纲了，你现在准备好了吗? So you're ready to carry on with the outlining then, are you now with that?
对 Yep.
好的，那我继续了 Right. I'll just continue this.
和它一起工作是什么感觉？ What's it like to work with this?
实际上非常好 It's actually really nice.
它是如此简单，如此直接 It's so simple, so direct.
里奥的再创作让我们重新审视 Leo's re-creation makes us reconsider
人们把埃及人看作是原始的 old prejudices about the supposedly primitive,
二维的风格的旧偏见 two-dimensional style of the Egyptians.
你觉得埃及艺术和后期的艺术 Do you feel that Egyptian art is as good
一样好吗？ as art from later periods?
- 哦，是的 - 你真的相信吗？ - Uh, yeah. - Do you really believe that?
品质与技术无关 The quality is not to do with technique.
品质与意图相关 最好的埃及…… Quality is to do with intention. The best Egypt--
我不相信你会这么想 I don't believe you think that.
是的，最好的埃及艺术是非常强大的 I do. The best Egyptian art is very powerful,
它有它的确定性 and it has a certainty to it.
情况就是这样 This is the way things had to be,
情况总是这样的 this is the way things will always be.
你觉得我们会把它忽略掉吗？ Do you think that we slightly write it off?
是的，它变得难以察觉 Yes, we do. It becomes invisible
是因为它看起来像外星人，太重复了 because its so alien-looking, it's so repetitive.
它太程式化了 It's so stylized,
人们已经不再关注它了 people have stopped looking at it.
所以我认为，现代人很容易对它不屑一顾 So it's easy, I think, for modern people to be slightly dismissive of this
因为它似乎是重复的，有点沉闷 because it might seem repetitive, slightly stifling,
不是特别自由，但事实上 not particularly free, but in fact,
它是另一种东西 it's something else.
它非常强大 It's hugely strong.
非常有力 It's very powerful.
它创造了一些神奇的图像 It makes for some magical images.
现在我们回到古老王国的三个兄弟的故事 Now we return to the tale of our three Old Kingdom brothers,
斯奈法鲁的儿子们 the sons of Snefaru.
第三个孩子决心不让他的兄弟姐妹胜过他 The third was determined not to be outdone by his siblings
并留下了独一无二的艺术遗产 and left an artistic legacy like none other.
我给你个提示 I'll give you a clue.
他的名字叫胡夫，就在离这里很近的地方 His name was Khufu, and very close to here,
他创作了历史上最令人惊叹的艺术作品之一 he created one of the most awe-inspiring works of art in history.
从那时起，它就吸引了全世界的目光 It's something that's fascinated the world ever since,
它带来的问题和答案一样多 and it still throws up as many questions as it does answers.
我曾希望像阿拉伯的劳伦斯一样 I had hoped to approach this treasure riding
骑马穿越沙漠去接近这个宝藏 across the desert like Lawrence of Arabia.
如果幸运的话，我想我们会 If we're lucky, I think we're going to get quite
在这条路的尽头一眼看到它 a good glimpse of it down the end of this road,
没有它，关于古埃及的宝藏系列就不完整 and no series about the treasures of ancient Egypt would be complete without it,
尤其是因为它是唯一幸存的古代世界奇迹 not least because it is the only surviving wonder of the ancient world.
大金字塔和巨石阵是在同一时期建造的 The Great Pyramid was built around the same time as Stonehenge,
巨石阵被认为是英国史前奇迹 considered prehistoric miracle back in Britain,
但当我探索了金字塔的内部运作方式后 but as soon as I explore the inner workings of the pyramid,
我就清楚并没有什么争议了 it becomes clear there's no contest.
进入金字塔是一种怪异的也是变化的经历 It's an eerie and also quite transformative experience coming into the pyramid
因为首先，你要通过这条狭窄的通道 because, to begin with, you go through this squeezed passage.
这有点像在一个巨大的产道里向上走 Bit like walking upwards through a giant birth canal or something
然后在另一个世界里重生一样 before being reborn in another realm altogether.
你走进这个空间，感觉就像一座现代主义大教堂 You hit this space, which feels like a modernist cathedral.
我仿佛是在科幻城市的自动扶梯上 I could be on an escalator on some sci-fi city.
当然，我正走向来世 Certainly I'm heading up towards the hereafter,
走向国王的房间 up towards the king's chamber.
我发现不可思议的是几分钟前 I find it impossible to think that minutes ago
我站在外面沙漠的阳光下 I was standing outside in the desert sun,
现在突然之间 and now all of a sudden,
我就在这个空旷之内 I'm in this echoing space,
就位于大金字塔的中心 which is at the center of the Great Pyramid,
坦白说，非常令人兴奋 which is frankly quite exciting,
但更重要的是，这是古王国的中心 but more than that, this is the epicenter of the Old Kingdom,
我们对胡夫了解不多 and we don't know all that much about Khufu,
为他而建的人 the man for whom this was built,
但我认为这不仅仅是一个人的纪念碑 but I think of this not just as a monument to one man.
这是一种文明的表现 This is an expression of a civilization
如此的成熟、自信 that was so sophisticated, confident.
这是一种几千年前的力量 What an emanation of power from thousands of years ago,
这个空间感觉如此现代 and this space feels so contemporary.
金字塔给人的感觉就像山脉一样古老 The pyramids feel as old as mountains.
很难了解它们是如何建造的 It's hard to fathom how they were ever built.
陈腐的回答是，胡夫是一个邪恶的暴君 The hackneyed answer is that Khufu was an evil tyrant
他剥削成千上万的奴隶来建造 who exploited thousands of slaves to construct
自己虚荣的坟墓… his vainglorious tomb...
但最近发现的建造金字塔的 but the recent discovery of the graves of the workers
工人坟墓揭穿了这个神话 who built the pyramids debunks this myth.
这一发现可能是20世纪最重要的发现 This discovery could be the most important discovery on the 20th century
因为这是第一次告诉我们关于金字塔的建造者 because telling us for the first time about the builder of the pyramids.
你知道国王和王后 You know things about kings and queens,
官员的坟墓 tombs of officials,
但你从来没有发现任何关于建造金字塔的工人的信息 but you never discovered anything about the workmen who built the pyramids.
当你开始挖的时候，你在这里发现了什么？ When you started digging, what did you discover here?
真的很神奇 It's really amazing.
他们用建造金字塔的余料建造了坟墓 They built the tombs from what's leftover of building the pyramids.
意味着每个工人都会留下一块花岗岩或石灰石 Means every work man will save a piece of granite or limestone
来建造他的坟墓 to build his tomb.
每个坟墓下面都有一具骷髅 Underneath each tomb, there is a skeleton,
在骷髅的手里会有一个瓶子 and in the hand of the skeleton, you'll have a bottle,
一个装啤酒的容器 a vessel for beer
因为他在来世要喝啤酒 because he has to drink beer in the afterlife.
实际上这里也有做面包的地方 Then actually here also you have areas for making bread.
所以他们受到照顾了？ Sooke: So they were looked after?
他们每天吃肉 They ate meat every day.
他们并不是我们所想的奴隶吗？ They were not slaves then as we might think?
不是，如果他们是奴隶 No. If they were slaves,
他们不可能会被葬在金字塔旁边 they will never be buried beside the pyramids.
这地方不是给奴隶的 This is cannot be a place for slaves.
这是一个有组织的社区 This is an organized community
供人们生活、吃喝 of people living, eating, drinking.
有一个问题我很想问扎伊 There's one question I really want to put to Zahi.
你是否认为，与其说金字塔 Is it possible do you think to consider the pyramid
是一件不朽的建筑作品 not so much as a work of monumental architecture
不如说它是一件艺术品呢？ but as a work of art?
是一件艺术品 It is a work of art.
建造金字塔，金字塔本身 Building the pyramid, the pyramid itself,
金字塔内部的设计 the design of the interior of the pyramid,
坟墓里的雕像，国王的雕像 the statues in the tombs, the statues of the kings.
这是一种艺术的结合，帮助国王成为神 It is a combination of art to help the king to be a god,
是为了追求永生 and that's really for the quest of immortality.
古埃及的艺术不是为了艺术 Art in ancient Egypt was not for the sake of art,
古埃及的艺术是为了宗教 but art in ancient Egypt was for the sake of religion.
无论是艺术作品还是宗教信仰 Whether it's a work of art or of religious faith,
大金字塔都是很难效仿的… the Great Pyramid is a pretty hard act to follow...
但胡夫的儿子哈夫拉试了试 but Khufu's son Khafra had a go.
哈夫拉修建了这条巨大的堤道 Khafra built this enormous causeway
将他的金字塔和下面的山谷神庙连接起来 that connected his pyramid with his valley temple down here,
在它附近是整个吉萨遗址的不朽守护者 and near it is this monumental guardian to the entire site at Giza.
狮身人面像 It's the Great Sphinx.
很可能是按照他自己的特点雕刻的 It's probably carved with his own features,
美国作家马克·吐温说过： and the American writer Mark Twain said,
“狮身人面像因孤独而雄伟” "The Sphinx is grand in its loneliness;
“因其规模而壮观” "it is imposing in its magnitude;
“故事的神秘感令人印象深刻” "it is impressive in the mystery that hangs over its story."
所有这些都是真实的，文笔优美 All of which is true, beautifully written,
对我们对古埃及痴迷的精彩描述 a wonderful, evocative description of our obsession with ancient Egypt,
我还是觉得狮身人面像 but I still think that the Great Sphinx
显然是我的下一个宝藏 is a little bit obvious to be my next treasure.
事实上，我的第七个宝藏是在哈夫拉宏伟的山谷寺庙里发现的 In fact, my seventh treasure was found in Khafra's magnificent valley temple.
雪花石膏地板上的这些凹痕提供了线索 These indentations on the alabaster floor provide a clue.
一共有23座 There are 23 in all,
每座都是为了安放一尊国王的雕像… and each one was designed to take a statue of the king...
这标志着雕塑艺术的惊人飞跃 which marked an astonishing leap forward in the art of sculpture.
这是23座哈夫拉坐像之一 Well, this is one of those 23 seated statues of Khafra,
它不仅是古王国的杰作 and it's one of the masterpieces not only of the Old Kingdom
也是埃及艺术的杰作之一 but also of Egyptian art as a whole.
这是王权的典型体现 It is the quintessential expression of kingship.
他看起来有天生的权威和指挥能力 He looks like he has such innate authority and command,
它是用闪长岩雕刻出来的 and its sculpted out of a stone called diorite,
一种非常坚硬的黑色石头 a very hard dark stone,
雕刻家尽力打磨它，所以你看到了石头的纹理 and the sculptor's managed to polish it up so you've got the grain of the stone,
很像斑驳的老虎条纹 almost like mottled tiger stripes.
看起来非常漂亮，他的躯干和脸也很漂亮 Very beautiful to look at, and in the case of his torso and his face,
显得柔软和光滑 appears soft and smooth.
经过深思熟虑 With great care and deliberation,
他们创造出了那种肌肉感… they've created that sense of musculature...
但我最喜欢的细节是这里 but my favorite detail of all is up here,
猎鹰，神灵荷鲁斯 the falcon, the god Horus,
他展开翅膀 and he raises his wings
在国王的头上做保护姿势 in a protective gesture around the king's head.
它们好像融合了，一个融合在另一个里 It's as if they're fused, one's merging into the other,
这里传达的信息是哈夫拉国王是神圣的 and the message here is that the King Khafra is divine.
现代雕刻家内森·多斯惊讶于他的祖先 Modern sculptor Nathan Doss is amazed that his ancestors
能够雕刻出人类已知最坚硬的石头 were capable of carving some of the hardest stones known to man.
在我们的古代，唯一的金属是青铜
说实话，我不知道如何在花岗岩上使用青铜工具
当我参观博物馆时，我设身处地为雕塑家着想
当时的雕塑家与今天的雕塑家不同
他们依据自己的信仰工作，并为法老神像雕刻
我认为艺术家在雕刻之前会问自己很多问题
他选择坚硬的石头来挑战自己
我对他们的工作既羡慕又兴奋
作为一名现代埃及艺术家，我在自问是否能够延续这一遗产?
古埃及艺术家 The idea that ancient Egyptian artists
受他们的宗教信仰驱使的想法给了我很多解释 were driven by their religious beliefs explains a lot to me.
我们已见识了像荷鲁斯这样的动物是如何被认为拥有神力的 We've seen how animals like Horus were thought to have divine powers.
这意味着艺术家们擅长用各种不同的材料来描绘动物 This meant that artists excelled at portraying animals in a range of different materials,
包括雪花石膏和彩陶 including alabaster and faience pottery.
当联想到埃及宝藏时 When we think of Egyptian treasure,
我们往往会想到黄金 we tend to think of gold.
这是一种与法老和诸神有关的贵重金属 It was the precious metal associated with the pharaohs and the gods,
但从古王国流传下来的皇家金色雕像中，只有一个神 but no golden statues of the royals survive from the Old Kingdom, and only one deity,
就是它 and this is it.
这就是猎鹰荷鲁斯 It's Horus the falcon,
荷鲁斯是埃及最古老最重要的神之一 Horus being one of the oldest and most important of all the Egyptian gods,
它是在奈肯被发现的 and appropriately enough, this was discovered in Nekhen,
奈肯的意思是猎鹰之城 which means the City of the Falcon.
这显然是一件精致的金属制品 It is clearly an exquisite piece of metalwork,
制作精美，但我特别喜欢它的眼睛 beautifully made, but I particularly love the eyes,
黑曜石的眼睛，它似乎在旋转 the obsidian eyes, which almost appear to be swiveling,
寻找猎物，环顾四周 scoping for prey, looking around.
让这种鸟的头部变得非常警觉 It gives the head of this bird a real alertness,
但它也有一种傲慢的特质 but it also has an imperious quality.
就好像制作它的艺术家 So it's as if the artist who's made it,
和最优秀的金工在一起 who's up there with the finest gold workers of all time,
一直在密切观察大自然 has been closely observing nature
但同时也在尝试创造一些神圣的 but also trying to create something numinous,
像神一样的东西，一些你可以崇拜的东西 godlike, something that you could worship,
想想看，这是一块从古王国幸存下来的非常罕见的黄金 and to think this is one really rare piece of gold that survived from the Old Kingdom.
其它东西都被偷了，熔化了，回收了 Everything else was stolen, melted down, recycled.
这是一件伟大的作品 It's a sublime piece.
想象一下，曾经存在的一切 Imagine everything else that there once was
现在都消失了 which has now been lost.
这足以让你哭泣 It's enough to make you weep.
我们可能觉得奇怪，鸟类对埃及人来说意义如此重大 It may seem bizarre to us that a bird could mean so much to the Egyptians,
但从最早的时候起 but from the earliest times,
动物在艺术和宗教中扮演着重要角色 animals played a starring role in art and religion.
埃及人用动物与神交流 Woman: The Egyptians used animals to communicate with the gods
因为他们觉得动物可以说是 because they felt that the animals were sort of
进化的一种中间状态 an intermediate state of evolution, as it were.
所以人类可能处于较低的水平 So you have humans slightly on a lower level perhaps,
然后… 把牛称为神的人… and then-- who are called cattle of the gods--
还有说秘密语言的动物 and then you have actual animals who speak the secret language
知道众神要做什么 and know what the gods are going to do
因为动物们非常善于知道大自然将要做什么 because the animals are very good at knowing what nature is going to do.
举个例子，狒狒在早上起来 So for example when the baboon stands up in the morning
它张开双臂，尖叫着，帮助太阳升起 and raises its arms and shrieks, it helps the sun to rise.
鳄鱼知道在洪水来临前在哪产卵 Crocodiles know where to lay the eggs before the inundation,
所以如果你想预测洪水 so if you want to predict the flood,
看看鳄鱼筑巢的地方 look and see where the crocodiles are building their nests.
猫是献给芭丝苔特女神的 Cats, dedicated to the goddess Bastet,
这只猫有些自我放纵和美丽 and the cat was sort of self-indulgent and beautiful,
芭丝苔特是自我放纵、美丽和爱的女神 and Bastet is the goddess of self-indulgence, beauty, and love,
如果你看这些雕像 and if you look at these statues,
你会发现这些动物都是经过精心雕刻的 you can see that animals are carved with great diligence.
这些华丽的作品在仔细观察之下 These gorgeous pieces are well-observed,
制作精美，栩栩如生 they're beautifully made, and they are astonishingly lifelike.
埃及艺术家在动物方面很出色 Egyptian artists were brilliant at animals.
当涉及到人类时 When it came to humans,
他们的工作更加严格和程式化 their work was a bit more rigid and stylized,
但埃及社会正在发生变化 but Egyptian society was changing.
第五王朝时期，大约在公元前2450年 During the Fifth Dynasty, round about 2450 B.C.,
一个全职的专业官僚机构应运而生 a full-time professional bureaucracy developed,
由数百名公务员和牧师组成 made up of hundreds of civil servants and priests,
这些人一开始都是平民 and these men started out as commoners,
但他们是追求地位的人 but they were social climbers,
他们对埃及的艺术进程产生了深远的影响 and they had a profound impact on the course of Egyptian art.
这种新贵艺术的最好例子 One of the best examples of this nouveau riche art
是在塞加拉发现的 was discovered at Saqqara.
这是我们第一次见到法老的臣民 For the first time, we can meet one of the pharaoh's subjects,
感觉就像和一个活生生的，呼吸着的远古世界的人面对面 and it feels like coming face to face with a living, breathing person, of the ancient world.
这是一个叫卡培尔的牧师的雕塑 This is a marvelous sculpture of a priest called Ka-aper.
相当高傲的人 Rather self-important man.
关于它的发现有一个有趣的故事 There's a lovely story about its discovery
因为发现它的埃及工人 because the Egyptian workmen who uncovered it
觉得他长得和他们当地的老板，他们的市长一模一样 felt that he was a dead ringer for their local boss, their mayor,
因此 and as a result,
这个雕塑从那时起就有了一个绰号，叫做谢赫·艾拜莱德 this sculpture's had a nickname ever since of Sheikh el-Beled,
意思是村长 meaning village head man.
这是用梧桐树雕刻的 It's been sculpted from sycamore.
整体都盖上了薄薄的一层灰泥，然后涂上了漆 The whole thing was covered with a thin layer of plaster and then painted,
但令我吃惊的是这座雕像 but what I find startling about this statue is that
充满了活力和生气 it's so full of vigor and animation,
这是一种朝向现实主义风格的姿态 there's a real gesture here towards a realistic style
这个男人的胸部 in the promise of his man boobs,
那个大肚子 in that great paunch,
甚至是矮胖的小腿和脚踝 even in the podgy lower legs and ankles.
他对自己很满意 He's quite pleased with himself.
这个男人 Here is a man
感觉自己正在跨越4500年的历史向我们大步迈进 who feels like he's striding towards us across 4,500 years of history,
也许不是在壮年 perhaps not in the prime of life
而是在中年的骄傲时刻 but in the pride of middle age.
不仅仅是官僚和牧师在攀爬这个社会阶梯 It wasn't just bureaucrats and priests who were scaling this social ladder.
像卡培尔这样的男人面临着来自美发师的激烈竞争 Men like Ka-aper had serious competition from hairdressers.
正确的发型至关重要 The right hairdo was vital
因为它是地位、年龄和性别的社会象征 because it was a social signifier about status, age, and gender,
当然，作为埃及… and of course being Egypt--
哦，是的，抱歉，我必须保持脑袋不动 oh, yes, sorry. I've got to keep my head in one place,
但是作为埃及人 but being Egypt,
发型是有等级的 there was a hierarchy of hairstyles,
好的理发师就像艺术家一样 and good hairdressers were like artists.
他们的技能很受欢迎 Their skills were much sought after.
他们有点像今天的高级时装设计师 They're kind of like a couture fashion designer today,
对于精英男性来说，他们大都把头发 and for elite men, they mainly kept their hair
要么剃短，要么剃光 either very short or shaven,
然后他们依靠体面的假发来给人留下好印象 and then they relied on decent wigs to make the right impression.
法老有齐肩的假发 Pharaohs had shoulder-length wigs,
是卷发和辫子 which were arranged in curls and braids,
然后精英的儿子们，他们戴着圆假发 and then the sons of the elite, they had round wigs
或只是选择剃光的样子 or just opted for the shaven look.
仆人和音乐家也会剃光头发 Servants and musicians were completely shaved, as well,
古埃及人对头发的痴迷意味着 and this obsession with hair in ancient Egypt meant that
理发师就是明星 that the hairdresser was quite a star.
打理好发型，我要去找我的第十件也是最后一件宝物 Suitably coiffured, I'm heading for my tenth and final treasure.
是埃及最美丽的陵墓之一… It's one of the most beautiful tombs in all of Egypt...
你可能已经猜到了 and you may have guessed,
它属于一个非常重要的发型师，名叫泰 it belonged to a very important hairdresser called Ty.
我们见证了艺术的传统被确立 We've witnessed the conventions of art being laid down.
现在我们可以看到它们聚集在一起 Now we can see them brought together in one place.
主要的活动就在这里 The main event is through here.
这是供品厅 This is an offering hall.
这里有整个世界的感觉 There's a sense here of a whole world.
这是对古王国的真实一瞥 It's a real glimpse into the Old Kingdom,
这真的很棒，因为埃及人喜欢秩序 and it's really wonderful, because Egyptians loved order,
他们喜欢重复，但从来都不是绝对的 they loved repetition, but it was never absolute.
这里有一个小例子 So here's a little example.
这里是一些农业工人 I mean, here are some agricultural workers,
他们赶着一些驴子，而驴子的头… they're driving some donkeys, and the donkeys' heads...
似乎一次又一次地完全相同 seem to be exactly the same again and again and again,
但是，有一个小驴头垂下来 but there's a little donkey head leaning down
只是为了打破这条可能会很乏味的线 just to break up what would otherwise potentially be a tedious line.
这里充满了活力、能量和喧闹 There's a lot of vigor and energy and hubbub.
有各种各样的活动 There's all sorts of activity.
有造船的人，还有农业工人 People building boats, there's agricultural workers.
有雕塑家，有金属工人 There are sculptors, there are metal workers.
为了泰的利益有一场混战 There's a melee of activity on behalf of Ty,
在南墙上，你可以看到这些狭缝 and on the southern wall here, you have these slits,
如果你往里看，你会看到泰本人 and if you look through, you meet Ty himself,
他的雕像 his statue.
我觉得我最喜欢的是这里 And I think my favorite bit is over here.
这堵墙被一个辉煌的景象占据着 This wall is dominated by one brilliant scene
泰在一艘船上，船上有很多侍从 in which Ty is on a boat with a number of attendants,
他们要出去狩猎一天 and they're out for a day's hunting,
他们不是在捕鱼，即使你可以看到它们下面的水里有很多鱼 and they're not hunting fish, even though you can see loads of fish in the waters beneath them.
他们捕猎河马 They're hunting hippos,
这里有一只可怜的河马被叉住了 and one poor hippo over here has been harpooned,
捕猎河马 and hunting hippos,
是一件相当危险的事情 it's quite a dangerous thing to do,
所以我们的发型师泰站在后面 so our hairdresser Ty is standing well back,
仅仅在旁观着 just overseeing things.
这是一个很好的视角，但我喜欢这种近乎抽象的模式 It's a good view, but I love that sense of almost abstract pattern
因为你有这些强烈的垂直背景 because you have these strong verticals of the background,
你有这些戏剧性的曲折 you have these dramatic zigzags,
它们代表了下面的水 which represent the water beneath,
然后在其中，你看到各种各样的变化 and then within that, you have all sorts of variation.
这里，有一条从水里被捞出来的鱼 Here, there's a fish which has actually been pulled out of the water,
从一个区域进入另一个 crossing one register into the next.
有点漫不经心的空间 There's room for a slight insouciance.
有多种多样的空间 There's room for variety really,
非常赏心悦目 and it's very pleasing to the eye,
在这里 and in here,
你可以看到河马几乎漂浮着 you can see the hippos almost floating,
在水中翻滚 tumbling around in the water.
有运动的感觉 There's a sense of motion.
这是一种真正的动感 There's actually a real sense of energy.
这是一个令人愉快的场景 It's a totally delightful scene, this.
引人入胜 Completely absorbing.
我已经到达了埃及艺术之旅的第一站的终点 I've reached the end of the first leg of my journey through Egyptian art,
对我来说，这是一种启示 and for me, it's been revelation.
我已经在埃及旅行了几个星期 I've been traveling around Egypt for several weeks now,
在这段时间里，我真的不得不面对一种偏见 and over that time, I've really had to confront a prejudice
我甚至不知道我对古埃及艺术有这种偏见 that I didn't know I even had about ancient Egyptian art.
我认为它有点单调，千篇一律，一成不变 I assumed that it was a little bit monotonous and samey and unchanging,
但我发现它非常不同 but what I've discovered is something very different.
有很多这样的东西 There's a lot of this kind of stuff,
真实的生活 real life.
你可以在坟墓中看到日常场景 You find daily scenes in the tombs,
你可以看到对自然世界的观察 you find observation of the natural world,
这是非常迷人的 Which is utterly charming.
所以我发现了更多的实验 So I've found a great deal more experimentation,
比我想象的更多的创新 a great deal more innovation than I thought was there.
所以埃及艺术几千年来并没有改变的观点 So this idea that Egyptian art didn't change over thousands of years
并不是真的 is just not true.
确实，这和事实相差太远了 Really, it couldn't be further from the truth.
接下来，黄金时代 Next time, the Golden Age.
艺术达到新的辉煌和雄心的高度 Art reaches new heights of splendor and ambition
因为有一个人引领了艺术史上最戏剧性的变革之一 as one man ushers in one of the most dramatic revolutions in the history of art.